1968: graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Electrical Engineering. 

1969:  graduated from the master level program at Westinghouse Bettis Nuclear Engineering School. Engineering work included the US Navy Nuclear Power program and the civilian nuclear power industry.

1990: graduated with honors from the 4-year program at New York Chiropractic College (Doctor of Chiropractic) and at the same time completed basic training from the International College of Applied Kinesiology. 

2000:  graduated with honors from the 4-year program at Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine (Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine).